éåè«æã®ãµã€ã¯ã«ãç¶ããŸãã ä»æ¥ãç§ãã¡ã¯åŒãæãäžããŠãéåãããïŒåºæ¬èšç®åäœïŒãæäœããæ¹æ³ãç解ããŸãã ããã«ããã§ãŒã³ãšã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®ååãèæ
®ããŸãã 詳现ã¯ãã¡ãïŒ

ãµã€ã¯ã«ããã®èšäºïŒ
- éåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãšåå¿è
åãQïŒ
- éåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®çŽ¹ä»
- éååè·¯ãšã²ãŒã-å
¥éã³ãŒã¹
- éåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®åºç€ïŒçŽç²ç¶æ
ãšæ··åç¶æ
- QïŒéåãã¬ããŒããŒã·ã§ã³
- éåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ïŒãªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹
ã¯ããã«
ãã®èšäºã®ç®çã¯ãéåã²ãŒãã®åºæ¬åçããã°ããç解ãããããã®ã²ãŒããéåã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãæ確ã«è¡šããã§ãŒã³ã«ã©ã®ããã«çµåãããããç解ããããšã§ãïŒäžéšã¯åŸç¶ã®åºçç©ã§èª¬æããŸãïŒã
䟿å®äžããã®ã·ãªãŒãºã®èšäºããæãéèŠãªãã¹ãŠã®ã²ãŒããåè·¯èŠçŽ ãªã©ã«é¢ããèŠçŽæ
å ±ãããŒãã·ãŒãã®åœ¢åŒã§å
¬éããŸãïŒå¿
èŠãªæ
å ±ãé·æéæ¢ãå¿
èŠããªãããã«ïŒã ä»åŸã®èšäºã§ã¯ããQuantum ComputingïŒA Brief ReferenceããšåŒã³ãŸãã
åºæ¬ïŒéåç¶æ
åºæ¬ããå§ããŸããã-åŸã§æäœããããã€ãã®äžè¬çãªéåç¶æ
ã®è¡šèšæ³ããïŒ

ãããã¯ãã¹ãŠçŽç²ãª1ãã¥ãŒãããç¶æ
ã§ãããããããããçäžã®ç¹ãšããŠè¡šãããšãã§ããŸãã

çŸåšããã«ã«ã¯4ã€ã®ç¶æ
ããããŸãïŒã¢ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã€ã³ãããã«ã¹ããŒãããŒãŒã³ã«æ¬æãè¡šããŠãEPRãã¢ãšãåŒã°ããŸã-ãã«ãåŸã«éçºããã¢ã€ãã¢ã®èè
ã§ãïŒã ãããã¯ã2ã€ã®ãã¥ãŒãããã®éåãšã³ã¿ã³ã°ã«ã¡ã³ãã®æãåçŽãªäŸã§ãã

ãããŠæåŸã«ãããããGHCïŒGreenberg â Horn â ZeilingerïŒç¶æ
ã䜿çšããŸãã äžè¬çãªåœ¢åŒïŒnãã¥ãŒãããã®å ŽåïŒãšæãåçŽãªåœ¢åŒïŒ3ãã¥ãŒãããã®å ŽåïŒã¯æ¬¡ã®ãšããã§ãã

ãã«ãšGHCã®ç¶æ
ã¯éåžžã«éèŠã§ãããããã®ã·ã¹ãã ã®åäœã¯ããã®ãããªã·ã¹ãã ã®ãã€ãã®ã¬ãã«ã®ããã«å€å
žçè«ã®äºæž¬ãšã¯æ ¹æ¬çã«ç°ãªãããã§ãïŒãæ倧ãã€ããã®ãã®åçã¯ãä»åŸã®åºçç©ã§æ€èšãããŸãïŒã
çè«ïŒã©ãžã¢ã³
éåèšç®çè«ã®å転è§ã¯ã©ãžã¢ã³ã§æž¬å®ãããŸãã å®å
šãªåïŒ360°ïŒã¯2Ïã©ãžã¢ã³ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã è§åºŠã¯åæèšåãã«æž¬å®ãããŸãã æãéèŠãªè§åºŠã®å€ã床ãšã©ãžã¢ã³ã§ä»¥äžã«ç€ºããŸãã

åºæ¬ïŒéååè·¯å³
éåã²ãŒãã®ç 究ãæãäžããåã«ãéååè·¯å³ã®æ§ç¯ã®åºç€ãç 究ããå¿
èŠããããŸãïŒããã«ã¯ããã»ã©æéã¯ããããŸããïŒã
- éåå³ã®æéã¯å·Šããå³ã«ç§»åããŸãã
- åãã¥ãŒãããã¯ãåäžã®æ°Žå¹³ç·ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸãã
- éåžžããã«ãã¯åè§ã§ç€ºãããŸãã ã²ãŒãã®ã¿ã€ãã¯ããã®æ£æ¹åœ¢å
ã®æåãŸãã¯ä»ã®èšå·ã§ç€ºãããŸãïŒãã®èŠåã«ã¯äŸå€ããããŸããéåžžããããã¯å€å
žçãªã¢ããã°ãæã€ãã¥ãŒãããã²ãŒãïŒããšãã°ãNOTã²ãŒãïŒã§ãã
- äžéšã®ã²ãŒãã¯ããã€ã¢ã°ã©ã ã®ããã€ãã®èŠçŽ ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããå ŽåããããŸãïŒããšãã°ãNOTã²ãŒãïŒã
- éåãããã枬å®ããçµæããã¹ãŠã®éãåããã厩å£ããéåãããã®éåç¹æ§ãæ¶æ»
ããéåžžã®ãããã«å€ãããŸãã ãããã£ãŠã枬å®èŠçŽ ïŒä»¥äžã«ç€ºãïŒããã¥ãŒããããåä¿¡ããå€å
žçãªããããäžãããšæ³å®ã§ããŸãã QïŒèšèªã§ã®ãã®æäœã¯ãããŒã¹Zã®Measureã³ãã³ãïŒbasesïŒPauli []ãqubitsïŒQubit []ïŒãŸãã¯MïŒqubitïŒQubitïŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸãã
æãéèŠãªèŠçŽ ã®æå®ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãšããã§ãã

ãã詳现ãªæ
å ±ã¯ã
ãã¡ãã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ããšM. NielsenãšI. Changã®æ¬ãéåæ
å ±ãšéåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãã«èšèŒãããŠããŸãã
ã·ã³ã°ã«ã¯ã©ãŒããã«ã
1ãã¥ãŒããããã«ãã¯èªç¶ã«æãåçŽãªã®ã§ããããããå§ããŸãã ä»»æã®1ãã¥ãŒããããã«ãã«ãã£ãŠå®è¡ãããæäœã¯ããã¥ãŒãããã®ç¶æ
ãç¹åŸŽä»ãããã¯ãã«ã®å転ãšããŠããããçã®å¥ã®ãã€ã³ããšããŠè¡šãããšãã§ããŸãïŒä»¥äžãåç
§ïŒã
æãåºæ¬çãª1ãã¥ãŒããããã«ãã¯ãPauli XãYãããã³Zãã«ãã§ãã
ã²ãŒãXã¯ãå€å
žçãªNOTã²ãŒããšéåžžã«ãã䌌ãŠããŸãïŒ| 0ãã| 1ãã«ããããŠ| 1ãã| 0ãã«å€æããŸãã ãã®æäœã¯ãããããçäžã®ãã¯ãã«ãx軞ãäžå¿ã«Ïã©ãžã¢ã³ïŒãŸãã¯180°ïŒå転ãããããšã«çžåœããŸãã
ã²ãŒãYã¯ãy軞ãäžå¿ãšãããã¯ãã«ã®Ïã©ãžã¢ã³ã®å転ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããšäºæ³ãããŸãã ãã®ãããªæäœã®çµæããã¯ãã«| 0ãã¯i | 1ãã«å€ããã| 1ã-ã¯-i | 0ãã«ãªããŸãã
ã²ãŒãZã¯ãäœçžã·ãããã«ãã®ç¹æ®ãªã±ãŒã¹ã§ãã

ïŒäžèšåç
§ïŒphi =Ï= 180°ã§ã ããã¯ãzã©ãžã¢ã³ã«ããz軞åšãã®ãã¯ãã«ã®å転ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã ãã¯ãã«| 0ãã¯å€æŽãããã«æ®ããã| 1ãã¯-| 1ãã«å€æãããŸãã
ãããã®å€æã®åäœããããããçã䜿çšããŠä»¥äžã«ç€ºããŸãïŒããããã®å Žåã®å転軞ã¯èµ€ã§åŒ·èª¿è¡šç€ºãããŸããç»åãã¯ãªãã¯ãããšæ¡å€§ã§ããŸãïŒã

åãããŠãªã²ãŒãããã¥ãŒãããã«2åé©çšãããšãåæç¶æ
ã«æ»ãããšã«æ³šæããããšãéèŠã§ãïŒãã¯ãã«ãä»»æã®è»žãäžå¿ã«2Ïã©ãžã¢ã³ãŸãã¯360床å転ããåŸãåæäœçœ®ã«ç§»åããŸãïŒã çµæãšããŠ

以æ¥

ãªã©

ããã§ãIIã¯åäœè¡åã®æå®ã§ãã

ã åäœè¡åã¯ãä»»æã®è¡åMïŒIIïŒã«ããä¹ç®ãè¡åMãšçããè¡åã§ããMII= IIM =Mãåäœè¡åã¯ãéåç¶æ
ãå€æŽããªãéåæŒç®ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã ããããçã§ã¯ã次ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã

ãã®é¢ä¿ãèæ
®ããŠãããŠãªè¡åã¯åäœè¡åã«çãããšèšãããŠããŸãã
以äžã¯ãä»ã®ããã€ãã®éèŠãªã·ã³ã°ã«ãã¥ãŒããããã«ãã®èª¬æã§ãã
ãåå | è¡åè¡šçŸ | æå® | QïŒã§ã®æåº |
---|
ã¢ãããŒã«ãã«ããH |  |  | HïŒqubitïŒQubitïŒ |
äœçžã·ãã  |  |  | R1ïŒã·ãŒã¿ïŒããã«ããã¥ãŒãããïŒãã¥ãŒãããïŒ ããäžè¬çãªå Žå RïŒããŒãªïŒããŠãªãã·ãŒã¿ïŒããã«ããã¥ãŒãããïŒãã¥ãŒãããïŒ |
äœçžã·ãã ãS |  |  | SïŒqubitïŒQubitïŒ |
ãT |  |  | TïŒqubitïŒQubitïŒ |
ã¢ãããŒã«åŒã¯ãç¶æ
| 0ããš| 1ãã®éãåãããäœæããããã«äœ¿çšã§ãããããç¹ã«éèŠã§ãã ãã®æäœã¯ãããããçã䜿çšããŠx軞ãäžå¿ã«Ïã©ãžã¢ã³ïŒ180°ïŒå転ããç¶ããŠy軞ãäžå¿ã«å転ïŒæèšåãïŒÏ/ 2ã©ãžã¢ã³ïŒ90°ïŒããããšã§æãç°¡åã«èŠèŠåã§ããŸãã

çžè»¢ç§»åŒã¯ããªãäžè¬çãªæäœã§ãããå€ãã®æçšãªçšéããããŸãã æãäžè¬çãªããªãšãŒã·ã§ã³ã¯ãÏ/ 4ãÏ/ 8ã«ããäœçžã·ããã²ãŒããšãããããphiãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãÏ/ 2ãÏ/ 4ããã³Ïã§ããããŠãªã²ãŒãZã§ãã äœçžã·ããã®äŸ

ããããçã§ïŒ

ãã«ããã«ã
ãã«ããã¥ãŒããããã«ãã¯ã2ã€ä»¥äžã®ãã¥ãŒãããã«å¯ŸããŠæäœãå®è¡ããŸãã æãåçŽãªäŸã®1ã€ã¯SWAPã²ãŒãã§ãã
SWAPã²ãŒãã¯ã2ã€ã®å
¥åãã¥ãŒãããã亀æããŸãã ããšãã°ãSWAP | 0ã | 1ã = | 1ã | 0ããããã³SWAP | 0ã | 0ã = | 0ã | 0ãïŒå®å
šãªççå€è¡šã¯ãã§ãŒã³ã®ããŒãã·ãŒãã«èšèŒãããŠããŸãïŒã
ãã«ããã¥ãŒããããã«ãã®å¥ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¯ããããã
å¶åŸ¡ãã«ãã§ãã å°ãªããšã1ã€ã®å¶åŸ¡ãš1ã€ã®
å¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒãããã
å¶åŸ¡ãã«ãã®å
¥åã«äŸçµŠãããå¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒããããç¹å®ã®ç¶æ
ã«ããå Žåã«ã®ã¿ããã«ãã¯å¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒãããã«å¯ŸããŠæäœãå®è¡ããŸãã
å¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒããã| 1ãã§æäœãå®è¡ããã²ãŒãã¯ãå¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒãããã®ã¯ã€ã€äžã®å¡ãã€ã¶ãããåã§ç€ºãããŸãã | 0ãã«çããå¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒãããã§æäœãå®è¡ãããã«ãã¯ã以äžã«ç€ºãããã«ç©ºã®åã§ç€ºãããŸãã

å¶åŸ¡ãã«ãã®ãããªãã¯ã¹ãæ§æããã«ã¯ãç®çã®ãã«ãã®ãããªãã¯ã¹ã®å·Šäžé
ã«åäžã®ãããªãã¯ã¹ãè¿œå ããä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ã»ã«ã«ãŒããå
¥åããå¿
èŠããããŸãã 以äžã«äŸã瀺ããŸãã

QïŒã®éåžžã®ã²ãŒãã¯ãããã§èª¬æããããã«ïŒããŒãžäžéšã®ãå¶åŸ¡ãã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ïŒControlledããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå¶åŸ¡ã«å€æã§ããŸãã ããšãã°ãCNOTãã«ãïŒNOTãã«ãã¯Pauli Xãã«ããšåçã§ããããšãæãåºããŠãã ããïŒã¯ã次ã®ã³ãã³ãã§ååŸã§ããŸãã
(Controlled X)([control], (target))
ããã§ã[control]ã¯å
¥åå¶åŸ¡ãã¥ãŒãããã®é
åã§ãã
ä»ã®äžè¬çãªå¶åŸ¡ã²ãŒãã«ã€ããŠã¯ã以äžã§èª¬æããŸãïŒäžèšã®ããã«ãã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ãããªãã¯ã¹ãèµ€ã§ããœãŒã¹ã²ãŒããããªãã¯ã¹ãéã§åŒ·èª¿è¡šç€ºããŠããŸãïŒã
ãŠãããŒãµã«ã»ãã
åã®åºçç©ã§è¿°ã¹ãããã«ãéåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒãããããã«äœ¿çšããç©çã·ã¹ãã ã«é¢ä¿ãªããããŠãããŒãµã«ã»ãããã®ã²ãŒããå®è£
ããããšã¯å¯èœã§ãã ã€ãŸããã·ã¹ãã å
ã®æå¹ãªèšç®æäœã¯ãæ¢ç¥ã®ã²ãŒãã®æéã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹ã«å€æå¯èœã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããã ãã®ãããªæ±çšæ§ã®é«ãã»ããã®äŸã次ã«ç€ºããŸããã¢ãããŒã«ãã«ããäœçžã·ãããã«ããCNOTãã«ããÏâ8ãã«ãã
æ®éæ§ã®æ§è³ªã¯ãäžèŠãããšæããããããã¯ããã«èå³æ·±ããã®ã§ãã éåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã«æ®éçãªã²ãŒãã®ã»ãããååšããå Žåãããã䜿çšããŠãéåç©çåŠã®æ³åã«ãã£ãŠèš±å¯ãããå€æãå®è£
ã§ããŸãã ã€ãŸãããŠãããŒãµã«ã»ããã䜿çšãããšãéåããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ã§ããã ãã§ãªããç©ççŸè±¡ãã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒãã§ããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãæ®éæ§ã®æ§è³ªã«ãããéåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã䜿çšããŠãååãè¶
äŒå°äœãããã³å¥åŠã§çŸããéåã·ã¹ãã ãã¢ãã«åã§ããŸãã éåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®ãã®æ©èœã䜿çšãããšãç©ççŸè±¡ãã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒãã§ããŸããããã«ãããå°æ¥ãéåã·ã¹ãã ãæã匷åãªã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®å¯èœæ§ãè¶
ããããšãã§ããŸãã ãã§ã«éå±ããŠããŸãããïŒ
ç§ãã¡ã¯å€ãã®èå³æ·±ããã®ãåŸ
ã£ãŠããŸãïŒ
ãããã®ïŒããã³ä»ã®ïŒã¯ãªãã£ã«ã«ã²ãŒãã䜿çšããŠãå®å
šã«æ©èœããéååè·¯ããã§ã«äœæã§ããŸãã 次ã®åºçç©ã§ã¯ããã®æ°ãã«ç²åŸããç¥èã®å©ããåããŠãéåããŒãªãšå€æãå®çŸããæ¹æ³ã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŸããéåããŒãªãšå€æã¯ãéåžžã«å€ãã®å®çšçãªçšéãæã€éåžžã«éèŠãªæäœã§ãã
è¿œå ã®ãªãœãŒã¹